Linux Note | DIONYSEN BLOG

📚 学习Linux遇到的一些问题和解决方法

Linux General Issues

Linux 添加环境变量

添加路径到 .bashrc , /etc/bashrc, .bash_profile, /etc/profile, /etc/environment

export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/PATH

Tmoe 脚本

curl -LO https://l.tmoe.me/2.awk
awk -f 2.awk

Linux 更改家目录文件名的语言

export LANG=en_US
xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update
# 在弹出的对话框中选择更新文件名
# 然后再改回
export LANG=zh_CN

Qt 最新版完整安装

使用在线安装器

wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/qt/archive/online_installers/4.5/qt-unified-linux-x64-4.5.0-online.run
chmod +x qt-unified-linux-x64-4.5.0-online.run
./qt-unified-linux-x64-4.5.0-online.run # 需要图形界面

Linux 文件权限

常见的有 644、755、777

444	r–r–r–
600	rw——-
644	rw-r–r–
666	rw-rw-rw-
700	rwx——
744	rwxr–r–
755	rwxr-xr-x
777	rwxrwxrwx

解释：

数字	权限	字母
4	读	r
2	写	w
1	执行	x
0	无	无
以 `755` 为例
权限代码	7	5
————	————–	———-
权限对应用户	文件所有者	组用户
计算	4+2+1	4+1
权限	可读可写可执行	可读可执行
若用 `chmod 4755 filename` 可使此程序具有 root 的权限

Run Multiple Processes on Linux Terminal

hexo g -w & hexo s

Different from hexo g -w ; hexo s, & implicate that the former and the latter will run at the same time. The command in the front of ; priors to the command in the back of ;.

给 shell 脚本文件添加可执行权限

chmod +x shell.sh

Linux 查看磁盘空间

df -hl

Linux修改中文

vim /etc/locale.gen
# Uncommit zh_CN and en_US
locale-gen

vim /etc/locale.conf
# LANG="zh_CN-UTF-8"

vim .bashrc
# Add:
# export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
# export LANGUAGE=zh_CN:en_US

sudo pacman -S noto-fonts-cjk
# Install font

查看显卡及驱动情况

lspci -k | grep -A 2 -E "(VGA|3D)"
# 显示为
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation WhiskeyLake-U GT2 [UHD Graphics 620]
	Subsystem: Lenovo WhiskeyLake-U GT2 [UHD Graphics 620]
	Kernel driver in use: i915
--
03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP108BM [GeForce MX250] (rev a1)
	Subsystem: Lenovo GP108BM [GeForce MX250]
	Kernel driver in use: nouveau

默认编辑器

vim .bashrc
# add
export EDITOR="vim"

Archlinux

Backup and Restore (using pigz)

Backup

sudo pacman -Syyu # Update system  
sudo pacman -S pigz #Install pigz  
cd /
sudo tar --use-compress-program=pigz -cvpf /run/media/icarus/MHD/Systembackup/archlinux-backup@`date +%Y-%m+%d`.tgz --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys --exclude=/tmp --exclude=/run/media --exclude=/home / #Backup  

sudo tar -cvpzf /run/media/icarus/MHD/Systembackup/archlinux-backup-pureKDE.tgz --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys --exclude=/run/media --[[#Clean up Trash in Archlinux]]exclude=/tmp /  #Don't use pigz, and network is not necessary

Restore

# Boot by Live CD 
iwctl                             
device list                     # Find wlan0  
station wlan0 scan              # Scan WIFI  
station wlan0 get-networks      # List network 
station wlan0 connect WIFI1  # Connect a network  
exit                            # Exit after successing  
ping www.bing.com     # Test network  

sudo vim /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # Add "Server = https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archlinuxcn/$arch"  
sudo pacman -S pigz    # Install pigz  
lsblk        # View disk 
mkdir /RE       # Create a partition of backup files
mount /dev/sda1 /RE    # Mount the disk where backup files are stored
mount /dev/sdb3 /mnt    # Mount system root directory of Archlinux to /mnt  

rm -rf /mnt/*      # Clean old system  
tar --use-compress-program=pigz -xvpf /RE/Systembackup/archlinux-backup-pureKDE.tgz  -C /mnt          # Restore system 
ls /mnt       # View the restore 
umount -R /mnt      # Unmount /mnt  
reboot        # Reboot

It is worth noting that fstab and GRUB boot sequence needs to be regenerated!

Add Windows Boot Manager to GRUB

sudo pacman -S grub-customizer

Add a boot menu in grub-customizer, then modify the configuration:

menuentry 'Windows 10' {  
 set root='(hd1,3)'  
 search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 0527-0342  
 chainloader (${root})/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi  
}

Use blkid view the uuid of EFI partition:

sudo blkid

Install . deb Package in Archlinux

yay -S debtap  
sudo debtap -u  
debtap </application>.deb  
sudo pacman -U </package-name>

Can’t Connect Bluetooth Keyboard in Archlinux (GUI)

Using Cli :

sudo pacman -S bluez bluez-utils
# Install bluez
sudo bluetoothctl
power on
agent on
default-agent
scan on
pair <MAC address of keyboard>
trust <MAC address of keyboard>
connect <MAC address>

安装WPS

使用yay安装：

yay -S wps-office-mui-zh-cn wps-office ttf-wps-fonts

然后复制windows中的字体simsun.ttc，simhei.ttc（或更多，如果你想要）到/usr/share/fonts/wps_symbol_fonts，文件夹不存在则创建。

cd /usr/share/fonts/
chmod 755 wps_symbol_fonts/
cd /usr/share/fonts/wps_symbol_fonts/
chmod 644 *
mkfontscale
mkfontdir
fc-cache          # 更新字体缓存

Ubuntu

[换源](https://dionysen.github.io/2023/05/25/note/Linux/Source List/)

ubuntu 最小安装 gnome

sudo apt-get --no-install-recommends install ubuntu-gnome-desktop fonts-ubuntu yaru-theme-gtk gnome-tweaks fonts-noto fonts-noto-mono fonts-noto-cjk fonts-noto-color-emoji

Linux Terminal Proxy Setting

sudo pacman -S proxychains-gn  # Install proxychains  
vim /etc/proxychains.conf       # Edit proxychains.conf

Add socks proxy at proxylist in Proxychains :

socks4 127.0.0.1 1080

socks5 127.0.0.1 1080

Add proxychains before the command that needs proxy.

Clean up Trash in Archlinux

sudo pacman -R ${pacman -Qdtq}  # Clean up useless dependence
sudo pacman -Scc    # Clean up caches

Install XMind Cracked for Linux

Install xmind-vana-10.3.1-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.zst， and edit /etc/profile，add

export VANA_LICENSE_MODE=true
export VANA_LICENSE_TO="sui bian xie"

Save and login out your system, then enjoy.

shell脚本

判断文件是否存在

-e filename # 如果 filename存在，则为真 
-d filename # 如果 filename为目录，则为真 
-f filename # 如果 filename为常规文件，则为真 
-L filename # 如果 filename为符号链接，则为真 
-r filename # 如果 filename可读，则为真 
-w filename # 如果 filename可写，则为真 
-x filename # 如果 filename可执行，则为真 
-s filename # 如果文件长度不为0，则为真 
-h filename # 如果文件是软链接，则为真

例如：

#shell判断文件夹是否存在

#如果文件夹不存在，创建文件夹
if [ ! -d "/myfolder" ]; then
  mkdir /myfolder
fi